Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Bahrain.

Recalling paragraph 11 of Decision 1/CP.20, the Kingdom of Bahrain develops its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution for low greenhouse gas emission development. The actions aim at (i) reducing Bahrain’s dependence on oil and gas, focusing on the financial, manufacturing and tourism sectors; (ii) conserving the natural spaces for future generations; (iii) implementing energy-efficiency regulations; (iv) directing investments to technologies that reduce carbon emissions, minimize pollution and promote the sourcing of more sustainable energy.
The Intended Nationally Determined Contributions are based on two main forms of intervention - namely Actions with mitigation co-benefits and Adaptation actions with mitigation co-benefits.
To contribute to low greenhouse gas emission development, main interventions regard (i) energy efficiency; (ii) carbon capture and storage; and (iii) renewable energy. The improvement of energy efficiency shall be achieved through reduction of cumulative electricity consumption, efficient use of natural resources, development of Low-NOx Combustion Technology, reduction of the emissions from gasoline and diesel engine vehicles, energy efficient lighting initiatives, aviation efficiency program, means to mitigate emissions from land transportation, and energy conservation and renewable energy plans.
Adaptation to climate change addresses four key areas - coastal zones, water resources, human health, and biodiversity - to (i) build resilience; (ii) improve disaster risk preparedness and response; and (iii) adapt to the increasingly adverse impacts of climate change in future. In this field, some interventions has been taken regard (i) sea-level rise, included in the Ministry of Works Dredging and Land Reclamation Technical Manual; (ii) water scarcity, addressed by formulating a climate-resilient and integrated water resources strategy in order to sustainably manage its water resources, also through the establishment in 2009 of the National Water Resources Council; and (iii) food security issue, by building capacities and raising awareness about issues like conservation, eco-system services and the sustainable use of biodiversity. The document envisages new actions that can also contribute to reduction in emissions in the following (i) water conservation, to minimize water leakages to reduce water consumption and thus power generation required for desalinization; (ii) sustainable urban planning, including construction of new government buildings which will save energy and water, and an improved transportation network; and (iii) blue carbon rehabilitating degraded coastal areas and properly managing particular habitats that act as critical natural carbon sinks, such as mangroves and sea-grass areas.