Nationally Determined Contribution of Kingdom of Bahrain under UNFCCC 2021.

This Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is a nationwide sectoral document, developed under Article 3 of UNFCCC and Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, aiming at increasing the strives of Bahrain to (i) promote mitigation co-benefits resulting from both adaptation actions and economic diversification plans; (ii) reduce emissions in its economic development; (iii) improve national energy efficiency leading to a reduction of energy consumption. The document envisages an adaptation Strategy to enhance the adaptive capacity to cope with climate change risks to be built on a National Adaptation Investment Plan (NAIP) that is the guiding document to identify interventions. The NAIP set out the following 5 objectives (1) systematically describe what adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change means in Bahrain and identify objectives for adaptation (situational analysis); (2) identify interventions to increase resilience to climate change and achieve the objectives for adaptation (project pipeline); (3) identify relevant options of how to finance these interventions (finance strategy); (4) identify the stakeholders in the different areas affected by the adverse impacts of climate change on which successful adaptation will depend (stakeholder analysis); and (5) prescribe institutional arrangements across different departments and agencies to implement the identified interventions.
The NDC includes both adaptation actions - primarily in the coastal resilience to sea-level rise and the water resources management - and adaptation actions with mitigation co-benefits, including forest management and economic development and diversification.
To make forestry more sustainable, the undertaken actions are (i) promote afforestation to support increase green areas; (ii) identification of a list of trees and vegetation that are suitable for Bahrain’s climate; (iii) encourage nationals and residents to plant trees; (iv) revision of building permits to include landscaping; (v) build resilience against climate change risks affecting the mangroves habitats.
To increase the resilience of livelihoods to disasters, the NDC envisages the following specific actions (i) provide better coastal resilience to important infrastructures; (ii) model the impact of climate change on freshwater resources, benefiting from gray water, conducting comprehensive auditing of water management and use, as well as rainwater harvesting; (iii) create a blue carbon inventory to augment Bahrain’s existing GHG emission tracking system.
As for Governance, Bahrain has taken major steps towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as (i) establishment of many governmental institutions, organizations, and committees to develop the programs, policies, and strategies to achieve sustainability in its various dimensions; (ii) enactment of many laws and regulations related to the achievement of sustainable development.