Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) of Republic of Sudan of 2015.

The Government of Sudan submits its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) in line with Article 2 of the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) "to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere". This nationwide sectoral document contains both mitigation and adaptation aspects that Sudan aims to undertake towards achieving the objective of the Convention and its national development priorities. Being classified as a least developed country (LDC) Sudan is not obliged to pursue a GHG emission reduction target. Nevertheless, Sudan views it, or rather pursue low-carbon development, as an opportunity to strengthen national capacity, promote sustainable resource management, facilitate technology transfer, and identify synergies between national economic objectives and sustainable development.
Response measures of Sudan to climate change focus on two main kinds of contribution; they are (1) mitigation; and (2) adaptation.
As for the intended mitigation contributions they regard (i) energy; (ii) forestry; and (iii) waste. The actions planned in the energy sector are the following (i) integration of renewable energy (wind energy, solar PV energy, solar CSP technology, waste to energy, biomass and geothermal potential, small hydro plants) in the power system to diversify the energy supply sources, ensuring the energy security and saving the environment; (ii) GHG mitigation through energy efficiency and rationalization of electricity consumption; and (iii) electricity thermal generation using natural gas production. The actions planned in the forest sector are as follows (i) afforestation and reforestation to increase the forest cover in the country by 2030; and (ii) promoting a REDD+ program to enhance carbon sequestration and livelihoods. The actions planned in the waste sector are as follows (i) collection, in particular solid waste, to eliminate the hazard represented by the amount of waste left without collection; (ii) adoption of sanitary landfill with treatment facilities, gas collection and capture system will lead to mitigate GHG; and (iii) achievement of the Zero Waste goal through recycling, composting and energy recovery.
As for the intended adaptation contributions (A-INDC), the document focuses on a sector approach to reduce vulnerability in the following (i) water; (ii) agriculture (both livestock and crop production systems); (iii) coastal zone; and (iv) human health. Vulnerability and adaptation assessments will be conducted through a process consisting of four steps 1.capacity building of actors and institutions; 2.vulnerability assessments in each state; 3.adaptation assessments to reduce vulnerabilities; and 4.increasing public awareness.
To make agriculture more productive and sustainable, the Government of Sudan will encourage (i) crop diversification and introduction of improved drought-resistant varieties and early maturing varieties in areas affected by rainfall decease and variability; (ii) introduction of agro-forestry in areas vulnerable to climate change to enhance agriculture production as well as increase the involvement in community forests activities and products; (iii) water harvesting to assist vulnerable communities to adapt to the increasing vulnerability of water resources; (iv) management of the grazing areas and range lands in a sustainable manner; (v) improving animal productivity and animal breeds to increase resilience to climate change; (vi) restocking animal herds in areas affected by climate change; and (vii) regular surveillance of animal diseases through improved monitoring and veterinary services.
Rural poverty will be addressed through (i) diversification of income generating activities in order to increase adaptive capacity of vulnerable farmers’ communities; (ii) access to electric energy supply to rural areas far from the national or the isolated grids; and (iii) establishment and rehabilitation of hand pumps and water-networks in rural areas to provide drinking-water and achieve water security in order to discourage communities’ migration.
In order to enable more inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems, the document proposes (i) strengthening activities to empower vulnerable communities, including through establishment of markets in vulnerable areas, and awareness and access to information by vulnerable groups; and (ii) enhancing the participation of women and youth in activities related to adaptation and environmental conservation in order to enhance their adaptive capacity , also establishing women cooperative societies.
The resilience of livelihoods to disasters will be increased, among others, through (i) rehabilitation of the meteorological networks to enhance early warning system activities; (ii) joint management of the natural resources for comprehensive consideration of climate change impacts; and, in the health sector, (iii) raising the health awareness of communities in vulnerable areas to climate change related diseases; (iv) increasing health resilience to climate change related diseases and reducing the associated mortality; and (v) controlling the endemic and epidemic diseases induced by climate change through combating vectors and insects borne diseases.